Sport and recreation facilities in the UK Essay

Game and amusement offices in the UK - Essay Example The Council of Europe has characterized sport as ‘all types of physical action, which through easygoing or composed cooperation target improving physical wellness and mental prosperity, shaping connections, or getting brings about rivalries at all levels’.The state itself gathers greater totals every year, focused on the advancement of such offices; notwithstanding, these offices themselves are in more noteworthy interest at present, and among the explanations behind such developing their ubiquity might be close collaboration between the state and the general public †while the state advances the job of game in the life of individuals, individuals themselves, understanding the expanding levels of deadly instances of heart and different sicknesses, join sports and attempt to lead dynamic lifestyle. One of the bearings of the Labor party’s strategies was in advancing games not just as the methods for making the state regarded on the planet for its game accomplis hments, yet chiefly to make exceptional pressure that game has ‘significant effect to the life of people, networks and country as a whole’ some of the associations, which manage sports from the perspective of drawing in people, develops yearly, yet one of the most noticeable ones is Sport England; this association has made a Strategic Alliance Team, which works in close collaboration with the legislature, advancing various activities, among which are ‘Physical action and health’, ‘Community attachment and sport’,  etc.... One of the bearings of the Labor gathering's strategies was in advancing games not just as the methods for making the state regarded on the planet for its game accomplishments, however for the most part to make extraordinary pressure that game has 'critical distinction to the life of people, networks and country all in all'. (Chandler, 2002) The measure of the associations, which manage sports from the perspective of pulling in people, develops every year, except one of the most conspicuous ones is Sport England; this association has made a Strategic Alliance Team, which works in close participation with the legislature, advancing various activities, among which are 'Physical movement and wellbeing', 'Network attachment and game', 'Neighborhood reestablishment unit', and so forth. (Holt, 2002) For instance, the association effectively helps out the British Heart Foundation, and as it is known, sports and heart illnesses are firmly associated, particularly with such ailments currently turning into the chief reasons of casualty among over all age gatherings. The association effectively advances sport through general wellbeing messages, which additionally becomes one more explanation behind the more dynamic turn of events and higher ubiquity of the game and recreational offices in the UK. Bristol University is embraced a complete survey in the interest of the Department of Health, which would support these messages The report willl center around the logical help for gathered physical movement, ie 10 minutes pieces to develop to the administration's 30 minutes five-times-each week recommendation.This work will take care of into that of the Activity Coordination Team (ACT), a cross-legislative gathering that works with a wide scope of accomplices to build up a methodology to meet the Game Plan focus of 70% of the populace turning out to be

Grandmas Passing essays

Grandmothers Passing papers Grandmother was a fragile more established lady, in her mid 70s, and of little height. Her skin was of a light earthy colored composition, wrinkled and ashy. At the point when I sat on her knee, her weak hands would in every case delicately fold over my midriff. I would kiss her on her cheek, which was constantly cold for reasons unknown. Grandmother consistently wore dim blue dresses that descended to her lower legs and an old pair of dark dress shoes all over. You know, the ones without any heels that show up as though they are shoes. She was antiquated, and didnt waver to teach my father to switch me if I misbehaved. Grandmother was mild-mannered, however firm; I never sassed her inspired by a paranoid fear of the difficult results my father would exact on my legs. I recall one time I had misbehaved; goodness I paid for that one. It had recently come down, immersing the earth in the back yard past limit. Mud puddles were all over the place; they were huge loaded up with messy squalid water. These mud puddles were everything a child could dream of; they were overpowering. My cousins and I hopped, stepped, sprinkled, and abounded in the mud puddles; we made some incredible memories. My grandmother had revealed to us kids not to follow mud through the house, however I was having a great time with my cousins to pay attention to her. We were pursuing one another, and I ran into the house with the mud despite everything built up all over my body. My grandmother got a brief look at me running through the front room when she roared for my dad. Grandmother revealed to him that she had cautioned me to not follow mud through the house, yet I had done it in any case. My dad came, took one gander at the rug, and taught me to recover the switch. I did as requested, and hence was beaten for my impoliteness. I had red whelps all over my legs; I never followed mud through the house again. Mother called for Janelle and I to go to her room; from the sound of her voice, we felt she was troubled about something. As we entered her room, we found she ... <!

Technological Management

Technological Management Technological Management of Spatial Security Home›Technology Posts›Technological Management of Spatial Security Technology PostsThe great yearning to control the entire space or the world at large has not been an easy task considering it does not just involve the control of space bodies but it involves the maintenance of their security.   Various technologies have been deployed through history and up to date to the control of technology on the spatial arena which includes the space meteorites and all the bodies in space the earth included. The standard or the average technologies that have been put into use has included barriers in the form of gates for exclusion purposes and doors that serve as filters to control space bodies. This of course required superior technology that was only defined by strong and technologically advanced countries.To begin with the concept of a wall in the virtual sense was a major security project that was developed through history so as to manage the earliest hill forts and fortresses in space. Famous examples of these walls included the Great Wall of China and the Hadrian’s Wall which were major technologies that were regarded as security concerns (Sean, 2007).There are other walls that act as barriers against crashes or blasts from bombs that protect countries or states from suicide bombers who pose immigration threats. With this immigration walls have been set up and to some extent they act in a similar fashion to political walls or boundaries.   They are meant to separate two different countries that are in great feud and death is likely to be the result. In this case they serve as preventive thresholds. These walls include: USA- Mexico boundary which also served as a political wall. The Berlin Wall constructed in 1961 to separate East Germany from West Germany. The Israeli-Palestinian Wall was a special control of the spatial technologies that were within those two countries (Jim, 2004).Filtration walls on their part hav e different security loopholes or weaknesses in maintaining total exclusion or segregation of warring sides during their whole length or the utmost occurrence of an outbreak of a conflict. First of all filtration walls shut out everyone including those who are not guilty of posing any security risk or danger (Peter, 2004). Everybody will be filtered irrespective of their innocence as it mainly involves blocking those who are undesired and permitting those with a higher top social status. The poor are discriminated as well as those who lack power to voice their plea or identify their human rights and the privileged top group is allowed to live and escape trouble.This particularly happens in areas with high mobility and in a globalized village or society. The filtering walls are deployed in such areas as tactics of prime security measures and technologies that act as barriers. They are used in areas such as airports around the world and border gateways that serve as entrances that all ow passage into high security zones. These zones include military bases, chemical laboratories, power stations, and political centers, entrances into proceedings or entertainment spots. The age limit acts as a filter in this entertainment spots for example underage teenagers are restricted from entering highly explicit clubs.Filtering walls of this caliber are controlled by sensory spatial management which employs different control measures that are inclusive of; controlling the physical space in direct physical ways and this is done through the following control measures:Surveillance or proper scrutiny of operations.Knowledge and extreme use of the five senses.These two control strategies have technologies that are based on various aspects like:Sensory technologies and tracking technologies enable easier forms of physical interventions in surveillance such as looking and listening. In accordance with deep or total surveillance of the body there is involvement of biological form of authentication, surveillance and control of anything that a person has on his body (Peter, 2004).In accordance with surveillance of information spaces there are digital forms of authentication as well as surveillance and control. However, this is applied to broader forms of physical space but this is inclusive of watching, listening and applying sensing technologies. This form of information surveillance originates from direct physical roles of spies or intelligence and operative traditional surveillance which are human operative or human dependent. This is common in well recorded details that use espionage or spying in every root of civilization.Egypt hieroglyphs expose the existence of court spies whom the early Egyptian pharaohs employed as agents of espionage to search out disloyal Egyptian subjects and also to trace tribes that could be easily conquered and finally enslaved. Their purpose was also to gather foreign intelligence who had vital information on military enemies like Rome. The Sun Tzu placed the all-inclusive treatise, which was the Art of War (Peter, 2004). This contained various chapters that dwelt on incorporation of spies both on and out of the battlefield.The Romans in their time developed vital espionage or spying expertise. Spies generally engaged in both foreign and domestic political operations and activities. Their primary objective is to gauge the political climate, the empire itself with its entire splendor, any weaknesses with its military and the viability of the surrounding lands. This was done by eavesdropping in the forum or in public market spaces where they acted as normal civilians but they carried out their missions either with the help of the natives or paid affiliates who were willing to sell vital information.Ancient sources have revealed information on secret police forces that were referred to as the Frumentari these were common in medieval or middle age societies. The Catholic Church on its part though religious used an extensive network of spies who played a major role in its inquisition purpose (Steve, 2005). The Catholic Church in the olden days was opposed to the idea of splintering factions and any group of people who went against the teachings were spied on and killed. This was an example of a religious wall that had been imposed and if broken then it only resulted to death.Surfacing of national states from the 17th Century created new international intelligence especially in the European continent as well as in America. The United Kingdom on its part had a famous and an extremely skilled intelligence agency since time immemorial. One of the most arrogant users of spying techniques in the United Kingdom was Sir Francis Walsingham who at the time was the Principal Secretary to the Queen Elizabeth the First (Rod, 2007). Walsingham developed a spy and intelligence network that was highly efficient and important in protecting internal security of the United Kingdom at a very troublesome time. This model oversaw a mixture of operations which were meant to collect intelligent information about one of the most vital threats to the United States and Spanish military prowess.This spying group was responsible for the spying activities which instigated the trial of Mary, Queen of Scotland for alleged abuse of office and this was according to Scott (2003).Contemporary or current intelligence organizations like the M16 and M15 which involve more state activities like the Special Branch or division of the government which is basically human operative (William McClatchy, 2011). These are all modern security devices which are based upon collecting intelligence information and adept actions which are very crucial to the upholding of spatial security police force who spend time as in secret operatives who are used to uphold control over the street issues.The actions of the informal agencies like NPIOU, The Mark Kennedy issue which was stone related. State operatives at this historica l time perpetuated to operate through the borders in their maintenance and upholding of security in the state. Sophisticated technologies were employed by the Russian assassins for example in the poisoning of Alexander Litvnenko by the use of undetectable or untraceable radioactive materials. This was followed by the consequent assassinations of Iranian Nuclear Scientists which was said to be performed by a person called Mossad who was an Israeli security service agent (Raymond, 2008).These killings were examples of greatly organized technologies and operations that involved teams of motorists who were riding beside cars while secretly attaching bombs to them. These bombs were automated and specifically created to self-activate themselves after carrying out remote surveillance.The general effects of technology through history in extending or stretching further our bodies and heightening our senses has enabled people to have a higher range of knowledge and expertise. Technological va riations are dedicated to watching and looking for example the CCTV cameras. Listening is also results into major technological variations through sensing bugs. Sensing in this case is used by tracking technologies or even infrared sensing technique.CCTV which is one of the most important surveillance technologies discovered in current years rates among the highest funded crime preventive technique in the United Kingdom alone (Steve, 2005). By the end of the 1990s CCTV had sidetracked or diverted more than three quarters of its total expenditure to this country alone. Though millions of pounds were spent in separate cities in the United Kingdom still the area registered poor security turnovers. There were limited areas where these CCTV made a huge impact and these areas included car parks. The Metropolitan Police at the time noted that only a single crime is solved out of every 1000 cameras that have been installed (Raymond, 2008).Listening technology devices have consequently repla ced the dire utilization of the natural human ear in many security situations. Tapping of communication devices such as mobile phones has in a broader spatial sense been activated by placing simple bugs. Foreign embassies for example are extensively bugged and in such an instance the United States embassy in Moscow in the mid 1970s bugged were bugged by Soviet agent posing as laborers in the construction of the embassy.This was discovered in the early 1980s where the solid concrete columns were rigged with so many bugs in such a way that the building had to be torn down and rebuilt with pure materials and labor from the United States.Sensing technologies on their part go along way back where dogs were used in the society as tracking devices which had extended senses invisible in human beings. Similarly, others used hawks or falcons which had a wider field of view and to some extent pigs which could locate scents of specific foodstuff (Peter, 2004). In the current or contemporary tim es animals are continually being used as both tracking and sensing technologies. In world war two for instance cats were used to place particular bombs on enemy boats. The Criminal Investigation Agency in the United States spent a fortune 1.5 million dollars coaching a cat to be a listening apparatus. However, this plan was aborted after the cat was run over by a truck outside the Russian embassy.Dolphins have also been taught and trained on how to establish illegal divers in the sea near military localities and when they do they inject them with carbon dioxide using their snouts. This causes them to dive, rise and resurface enabling the authorities to spot them. In Iraq dogs were used by the US military to sniff out explosives in land mines as well as rats to smell land mines. Honey bees that are properly trained have also been used to locate landmines in controlled areas. However, there are limitations when animals are used as sensory techniques.The first reason is that they may n ot always be willing to comply or cooperate. They may also develop a bigger bond with their handlers thus they will not respond when a different person decides to take control. High investments have been spent on these animals as well as other automated sensory technologies. They include devices that are hand held and are able to sense chemical agents or constituents, gamma radiations and other devices that sense bad odor. The prototype system called HAMLeT for instance which stands for hazardous material localization and personal tracking (Steve, 2005).This device was created in Germany and it can be placed behind a corridor wall or barrier and sniff hazardous or dangerous chemicals through extremely sensitive odor sensors with chips. The chips of the sensors have circulating crystals. When the electronic nose traps chemical molecules the circulation or the oscillating speed and frequency is altered. This device is majorly applied in airports and other high security sites. It is us ed in extending automated senses and extra sensory information which is significant to security personnel as it signifies the coming of heat or thermal imaging devices.These devices collect data from infrared parts of the spectrum and with this ability they can easily view in the dark or in conditions where there is fog, smoke. These security measures are used in control of borders where intruders can be easily identified even when they are several miles away. In this case the distance level does not matter but what matters is the frequency of the infrared radiation.Another major usage of this detecting device is for policing services where it is used for tracking factories that process drugs in specific areas. Moreover, this detecting device is applied in security activities that are less brutal or which pose an undefined security threat. For instance, a local authority can send one of its most significant planes as a way of identifying the radio frequency identification waves or s imply RFID (Scott, 2003).RFID or radio frequency identification is used to monitor or scrutinize livestock and majorly cattle. It is also applied in tracking or hunting animals. It is promoted by detecting smell and odor that the animals produce. This detection is slowly extended or stretched to consumer goods and in the contemporary era supermarkets in the early 2000s have raised claims that it is an exclusive barcode technology (Steve, 2005). This code provides a unique identification identity which is a numbering strategy that is called an electronic product code or EPC in short. This code gives specific identity to any object in its physical nature only once in the world. This code has no capability of appearing twice as it is definitely unique.This code or number once assigned is transmitted by the radio frequency identity tag or signal. The signal that is transmitted in this perspective by the RFID tag is then automatically picked by a specific receiver or a reader device. Thi s is a technology that is very cheap and affordable thus it is highly applicable.The best objective of the RFID is to create a world that is physically joined where each and every aspect or item in the world is practically numbered, recognized, identified, catalogued and even tracked.Security applications for radio frequency identified or RFID is during retail security and the tagging of products that are to be produced to the market. This enables ease in tracking of the products and tracing of them in theft cases where they are stolen. The supermarket or the retail suppliers and chain managers use the RFID in tracing and tracking the stock and also protecting the stock against theft as it is moved around the boundaries.Security RFID is also incorporated in tagging of movement passports and other security documents like driving licenses. Its main advantage is that it increases the ease in reading the border points that are crossed by individuals who have or tracking devices.They are also used in hospitals to put specific tags on hospital patients. The RFID tags are placed to specifically identify them. Newborn babies have the tracking devices that are also placed to identify the newborn babies as they are very difficult to identify (William McClatchy, 2011).The only weakness of RFID tags or tracking devices is that they are easily hacked by computer geeks and in the virtual world they can be read or interpreted from a far distance off for instance one kilometer away. These tags may also have details which may be utilized by criminals once they are hacked.Another major disadvantage is that the animals that are chipped or have the tags inserted on them end up suffering from cancer related symptoms which only leads to death of the animals. This has made the organizations that specialize in using animals as trackers to have a hard time with those who campaign for animal rights.With this in mind it is important to realize that the entire world and its space is all enshrined in a form of a boundary that exists either in its physical or virtual form. It may be constructed with human hands or in virtual sense like the Radio Frequency Identification tags (Peter, 2004).The great longing to control the entire space or the world at large has not been an easy task considering it does not just involve the control of space bodies but it involves the maintenance of their security.   Various technologies have been deployed through history and up to date to the control of technology on the spatial arena which includes the space meteorites and all the bodies in space the earth included.The standard or the average technologies that have been put into use has included barriers in the form of gates for exclusion purposes and doors that serve as filters to control space bodies. This of course required superior technology that was only defined by strong and technologically advanced countries.In conclusion the general concept of a wall in the virtual sense was a major security project that was developed through history so as to manage the earliest hill forts and fortresses in space and to the lives of people. The types of the walls have developed through history with each of the advancement based on the year and the country that is associated. Those who struggle to destroy the walls that have been created are in the example of spies as earlier on elaborated. With increase in technology it is difficult to determine whether the brick walls will still be used as borders or will there be tracing gases. As it stands the walls of technology have a common similarity which is prevention against intrusion.

The s Message Of Hope And Salvation - 1225 Words

Many social issues leave cause for concern, however, the church’s message of hope and salvation in Jesus should not be lost amid the immoral social issues and behaviors in the world today. Social problems like racism, unemployment, starvation, and crime are not new phenomenon. They did not just start in the year 2016. This paper will address two questions that are prevalent in today’s culture. The first is, â€Å"What are the short-comings of official criminal statistics?† The second is also quite impactful, â€Å"Why do minorities who are disproportionately unemployed serve the interests of the business owners, according to conflict theorists?† Answers for these two inquiries were found in the textbook for this course, â€Å"Understanding Social†¦show more content†¦The textbook also advised that there are attempts made with surveys (victimization and self-report offender) to acquire data to assist in measuring crime statistics. However, there is one major hurdle in this method. Researchers must locate their victims, ask the proper questions, and then formulate the answers in a way that gives genuine answers. Most matters involving human elements are prone to error. The results formulated from statistical data are only as accurate as the data they are taken from. Hence a colossal problem with official criminal statistics, that is the reporting of crimes committed. Per the textbook, many instances of crime go unreported, and even if an unlawful act is reported, the police may not record it (102). The number and extent of unknown offenses will forever be a subject of speculation. Clearly, nobody will ever know exactly the number of criminal offenses that are perpetrated, but valid attempts at measuring these numbers should continue, thus keeping this topic top of mind. Another component in the area of short-comings is one of exaggeration. A great example was provided by the authors in that a police department may â€Å"crack-down† on crime in an election year. The end result is an increase in the number of recorded offenses for that year. The increase better reflects the change in the behavior of law enforcement personnel, not a change in the number of criminal violators. They conclude this topic with a

The Significance of internal control for management Free Essays

The concern hazards cause by conditions, events, fortunes, actions or inactivities that could impact the entity ‘s ability to accomplish the end and put to death its schemes ( CA, 2009, p146 ) . That straight influence on entity ‘s endurance and profitableness ( Gay A ; Simnett, 2007, p204 ) . The internal control was a procedure designed to supply sensible confidence as to accomplish: effectivity and efficiency of operations, dependability of fiscal coverage, and conformity with applicable Torahs and ordinances ( Leitch, 2008, p14 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of internal control for management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important of internal control are ‘management must trust on legion studies and analyses to efficaciously command operations, afford protection against human failings and cut down the possibility that mistakes, and economic fee of scrutinizing restrictions without trusting on the client ‘s system of internal control ( Leung A ; Coram A ; Cooper, 2007, p290 ) . ‘ ‘An internal control construction consists of policies and processs designed to supply direction with sensible confidence that the company achieves its aims and ends. ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p316 ) . ‘ There are some restrictions of inherent that can ne’er be regarded as wholly effectual, irrespective of the attention followed in their design and execution. Those are showed as follow ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p317 ) : Cost-efficient of control are required by direction. The controls may non be directed at unusual minutess. The possible human mistakes which include sloppiness, distraction, error. Circumvention of controls those perchance through collusion with parties outside the entity or with employees of the entity. Person responsible for exerting control could perchance mistreat that duty. Procedures may go unequal due to alterations in conditions. Internal control encourages efficient and effectual usage of its resources. The nucleus construct is right information for internal determination devising. Safeguarding assets and records is another of import portion of effectivity and efficiency ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p318 ) . Harmonizing to AUS 402 provinces: ‘the hearer should obtain and apprehension of the internal control construction sufficient to be after the audit and develop an effectual audit attack. ‘ Controls related to the dependability of fiscal coverage and controls over category of minutess, both of those should be chiefly concerned by hearers. If internal controls decently design and implement, so that can be effectual in forestalling or observing fraud ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p318 ) . There are some of import constituents of internal control: First, the control environment includes actions, policies and processs that reflect the overall attitudes of top direction, managers and proprietors of an entity about internal control. It is importance to the entity. Through direction ‘s doctrine and operating manner that can supply clear signals to employees about the of import of internal control. The organisational construction of corporation defines the bing lines of duty and authorization. The internal audit map should be established to supervise the effectivity of controls ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p320 ) . Second, the entity ‘s accounting information system is designed to place, assemble, sort, analyse, record and describe the entity ‘s minutess. It is besides used to keep answerability for the related assets ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p307 ) . Third, all corporations, irrespective of size, construction, nature or industry, face assortment of hazards form operation and beginnings, so that must be managed.p324 The most of import component is control processs. Control procedures has five types of specific control activities: ( 1 ) equal separation of responsibilities, ( 2 ) proper mandate of minutess and activities, ( 3 ) adequate paperss and records, ( 4 ) physical control over assets and records, ( 5 ) independent cheques on public presentation ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p309 ) . Adequate separation of responsibilities include: separation of the detention of assets from accounting ; separation of the mandate of minutess from the detention of related assets ; separation of operational duty from record-keeping duty ; separation of IT responsibilities from responsibilities of cardinal users outside IT ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p309 ) . Proper mandate of minutess and activities include two parts. They are establishes policies for the corporation to follow ( General mandate ) and specific applies to single minutess ( specific mandate ) ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p309 ) . The most of import is equal paperss and records. The paperss must be proved that all assets are decently controlled and all minutess are right recorded. As relevant rules dictate, paperss and records should be ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p311 ) : ‘Pre-numbered consecutively to ease control over losing paperss and as an assistance in turn uping paperss when they are needed at a ulterior day of the month. Prepared at the clip a dealing takes topographic point or every bit shortly as possible thereafter. Sufficiently simple to guarantee they are clearly understood. Designed for multiple utilizations. Constructed in a mode that encourages right readying. ‘ Physical control over assets and record mean to keep equal internal control it is indispensable to protect assets and records ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p328 ) . The internal control besides need supervising activities that ‘deal with on traveling or periodic appraisal of the quality of internal control public presentation by direction to find that controls are runing as intended and that they are modified as appropriate for alterations in conditions ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p313 ) ‘ . An internal control failing means absence of adequate controls which lead to hazard of misstatements ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p338 ) . Identify and measure failings should hold four-step attack: indentify bing controls, indentify the absence of cardinal controls, determine possible stuff misstatements that could ensue, see the possibility of counterbalancing controls. 2.0 Gross saless and aggregation rhythm 2.1 Theory discuss Control over categories of minutess should be designed that relate to scrutinize aims ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2007, p303 ) . Transaction-related audit objectives-general signifier Gross saless transaction-related audit aims Recorded minutess exist ( being ) . Recorded gross revenues are for cargos made to bing clients. Existing minutess are recorded ( completeness ) . Existing gross revenues minutess are recorded. Recorded minutess are stated at the right sums ( truth ) . Recorded sale are for the sum of goods shipped and are right billed and recorded. Minutess are decently classified ( categorization ) . Gross saless minutess are decently classified. Minutess are recorded on the correct day of the months ( clocking ) . Gross saless are recorded on the right day of the months. Recorded minutess are decently included in the maestro files and right summarized ( posting and summarisation ) . Gross saless minutess are decently included in the maestro files and are right summarized. ‘The gross revenues and aggregation rhythm involves the determinations and procedures necessary for the transportation of the ownership of goods or services to clients after they are made available for sale ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p452 ) ‘ Summary of transaction-related audit aims and cardinal internal controls for gross revenues ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p461 ) . Transaction-related audit nonsubjective Key internal control Recorded gross revenues are for cargos really made to bing clients. ( being ) Recording of gross revenues is supported by authorised transportation paperss and approved client orders. Recognition is authorized before shipment takes topographic point. Gross saless bills are prenumbered and decently accounted for. Merely client Numberss bing in the computing machine informations files are accepted when they are entered. Monthly statements are sent to clients ; ailments receive independent follow up. Existing gross revenues minutess are recorded. ( completeness ) Transportation paperss are prenumbered and accounted for. Gross saless bills are prenumbered and accounted for. Transporting paperss are matched with related gross revenues bills and client orders. Recorded gross revenues are for the sum of goods shipped and are right billed and recorded. Determination of monetary values, footings, cargo and price reductions is decently authorized. Invoice readying is internally verified. Approved unit selling monetary values are entered into the computing machine and used for all gross revenues. Batch sums are compared with computing machine sum-up studies. Gross saless minutess are decently classified ( categorization ) . An equal chart of histories is used. Gross saless minutess are internally reviewed and verified. Gross saless are recorded on the correct day of the months ( clocking ) . Procedures require charge and recording of gross revenues on a day-to-day footing as near to clip of happening as possible. Gross saless are internally verified. Gross saless minutess are decently included in the histories receivable maestro file and are right summarized ( posting and summarisation ) . Regular monthly statements are sent to clients. Histories receivable aged listing is reviewed. Histories receivable maestro file or test balance sums are compared with general leger balance. 2.2 Case analysis Based on the current operation of gross revenues and aggregation rhythm, there are some failings in the present system. These failings addition concern hazard. First, there is non effectual and efficient cardinal service of clients ‘ order. ROOFLEX wholly has eight distribution centres. Each distribution trade with clients ‘ order entirely. Sometimes, the distribution lines can non be used effectivity. That means ship the goods by single distribution centres which receive the order. That likely increases the cost of cargo. If one distribution centre is nearer than another distribution, the far off distribution centre receives the order and so ships the goods entirely that increase the cost of concern. Second, the caput office can non instantly cautionary and pull off the operational state of affairs of eight distribution centres and stock list. Transmitted despatch inside informations are input to the invoicing tally on hebdomadal. Each distribution chiefly operates by itself. Being of client and stock list besides merely is checkered hebdomadal. Third, the despatch paperss and notes non unity. In the procedure of distribution of goods, there are merely three paperss. However, information of the three paperss is different. One transcript is used for look intoing measures. The 2nd 1 is used as the client ‘s advice note. The last 1 is used by driver and client ‘s response. There is non complete papers and note in the procedure of goods reassigning. Fourthly, the information of any alteration such as losing, add-on and duplicate, those can non be reported to head office duly. In present system, losing despatch notes are merely study one time. Those are sent to gross revenues section where it is filed. Last, the information of orders besides can non be recorded instantly by caput office. The information of client ‘s order and inside informations of dispatchs are non recorded in informations base instantly in present system. The information is inputted hebdomadally. The sale clerks input the information when they receive. 2.3 Recommendations If despatch notes are added, duplicated or lost when input to the invoicing tally, there are hazards of losing inside informations, confounding stock list, detaining informations entry, and inefficient direction. Harmonizing to present operational state of affairs, the suggestion should be: First, the ROOFLEX LIMITED should hold complete enrollment system. The paperss and notes should be recorded instantly and consistently in order to guarantee security and integrate of inside informations. Each of these procedures must maintain the groundss and recording equipments. For illustration, each despatch paperss should include the client ‘s order figure, the measure and class. Then, based on the different intent, the inside informations can be different. Documents and records for the gross revenues and aggregation rhythm ( Arens A ; Best A ; Shailer A ; Fiedler A ; Loebbecke, 2002, p453 ) . Classs of minutess Histories Business maps Documents and records Gross saless Gross saless Histories receivable Processing client orders Allowing recognition Transporting goods Charging clients and entering gross revenues Customer order Gross saless order Customer order or gross revenues order Transporting papers Gross saless bill Gross saless diary Drumhead gross revenues study Histories receivable maestro file Histories receivable test balance Monthly statements Cash grosss Cash at bank Histories receivable Processing and entering hard currency grosss Remittance advice Prelisting of hard currency grosss Cash grosss diary Gross saless returns and allowances Gross saless returns and allowances Histories receivable Processing and entering gross revenues returns and allowances Credit note Gross saless returns and allowances diary Write-off of bad histories Histories receivable Provision for dubious debts Writing off bad histories receivable Bad history mandate signifier General diary Bad debt disbursal Bad debt disbursal Provision for dubious debts Supplying for bad and dubious debts General diary Second, ROOFLEX LIMITED should construct a cardinal data-processing library. That means edit all client orders ‘ order figure and kind. It makes client order to easy happen and alter. Third, ROOFLEX LIMITED should set up timely airing of remote informations system. Head office can efficaciously transport out macro-control and resource allotment. Information of client orders can be inputted instantly. That avoids unneeded cost of direction and cargo. Inventory besides can be more precise controlled over. Any losing or losing can be traced to the centre information base. Any adding or doubling besides can be edited straight and instantly through remote information system. However, sometimes those suggestions which are discussed as above will increase the company ‘s operational cost, but it is merely through these recommendations in order to guarantee the company ‘s development and effectual direction. If there is the event of informations loss or mis-management, so the harm of the company is much larger than the current betterment program. 3.0 Payroll rhythm 3.1 Theory discuss Internal controls for paysheet ( Homewood, 2001, p171 ) Control aim Details Specific internal control Care of complete records All minutess should be recorded decently Payroll checks should be prenumbered and wholly accounted for Validity All payroll minutess should be for labour services provided by non-fictitious employees Payroll minutess should be authorized Time cards should be approved, and compared with leave and absentee studies Separation of responsibilities berween payment and work blessing Mandate processs for work public presentation, wage rates and tax write-offs Internal cheque comparing paysheet with expiration studies to forestall payments to fabricated employees Accuracy Payroll minutess should be accurately recorded Payroll minutess should be decently classified Payroll minutess need to be recorded in a timely manner Internal cheque on clip cards, wage rates and tax write-offs Internal rapprochement of paysheet registry to payments and employee records Chart of histories process Precautions Access to employee and paysheet records restricted to sanctioned staff members Duties for paysheet readying, subscribing wage checks and paysheet distribution need segregation Accountability Unclaimed pays necessitate to be controlled Unclaimed checks should be returned to histories, placed in a suspense history and finally voided Independent rapprochement of paysheet bank history Valuation End of twelvemonth liability should be reconciled to payroll registry 3.2 Case analysis Based on present paysheet system, there are some hazards in ROOFLEX LIMITED. First, the occupation cards and absence faux pass are non recoded seasonably. The occupation cards and absence faux pass merely be finished hebdomadally. That increases the hazard of rawness and non-precision of information. Second, the occupation cards and absence faux pass are completed by employees. Employees record the occupation cards and absence faux pass by themselves that increase the hazard of stuffs misstatement. Sometimes, employees can non enter the occupation cards and absence faux pass bona fide. Employees normally do non hold authorization of finishing own the occupation cards and absence faux pass. Third, the procedure of paysheet rhythm perchance be confounding information. When all occupation cards and absence faux pass are batched together, that make the section caputs confuse the information. In other words, the section caputs confuse the inside informations of the occupations and absences of employees. The section caputs can non separate the state of affairs of each employee. Finally, the Final page of an input listing is fuzzed inputting. The qualitative and quantitative of the Final page of an input listing is besides uncertainness. The points are non expressed and specific. Such as, harmonizing to the present Final page of an input listing, some employees entire on the job hours are calculated, and others are non be calculated. The each employee ‘s rate of wage is non defined. There is the job of rejection. Those increase the hazard of stuffs misstatement, and the irrational nature of pay payment. The tax write-offs, gross wage and net wage are non included in the Final pages of an input listing. 3.3 Recommendations Harmonizing to the present paysheet system, the suggestions of ROOFLEX LIMITED show as below: First, the employee subdivision quickly needs to update records. Independent cheques should be made of files that against paysheet records. Second, the procedures of paysheet rhythm need to clear up the mandates. The employees ‘ occupation cards and absence faux pass should be made by independent employee who is non-fictitious employee. The occupation cards and absence faux pass should be made daily. The primary aim is to guarantee that merely bona fide employees are paid for existent work performed ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p76 ) . Third, the Final page of an input listing must include each rate of wage which relate to occupation cost base. It besides should affect each employee ‘s working hours, tax write-off, gross wage, and net wage. The entire on the job hours and sum of payment should be recorded in the Final page of an input listing. The reject points needed to be recalculated and so recorded in the Final page of an input listing. The most of import is the points of the Final page listing that can be traced to each employee and each section. The figures should be accurate and appropriate. 4.0 General controls of the company ‘s application system development 4.1 Theory discuss The general controls ‘ definition is ‘those manual and computing machine controls that relate to all or many computerized accounting applications to supply a sensible degree of confidence that the overall aims of internal control are achieved and assist guarantee the continued proper operation of information systems ( Gay A ; Simnett, 2007, p363 ) ‘ There are five types of general controls: organisational control, systems development and care controls, entree controls, informations and procedural controls ( Leung A ; Coram A ; Cooper, 2007, p297 ) . ‘Application systems development and care controls relate to the mandate, bing, transition, proving, execution and certification of new and revised systems and applications ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p145 ) . ‘ 4.2 Case analysis Base on the description of the application system development of the instance, there are several failings in the present processs of ROOFLEX LIMITED. First of wholly, there are non clear and specific governments which relate to the different degree of direction. The procedure repetition some the stairss and permissions. The responsibilities and duties are non distinguished clearly and decidedly. Second, the processs deficiency of the effectual communication channel. The procedure of the signifier passing is excessively cumbrous and complex. The staffs merely write their sentiments in the signifier. Sometimes, that will do the following staff ‘s confusing. Third, certification of new systems and applications are unequal. The coder updated the plan certification. The analyst checked the alteration petition and updated the paperss once more. The certifications are non adequately understood and depict the system. The content of the certifications are is non complete. Fourthly, there is non important trial about the new system. Programmer merely repeated the few stairss for the whole system trial. The trial of new system besides do non compare with the old system to happen the inadequacy. Finally, the whole procedure perchance irrespective the job of transition. 4.3 Recommendations Harmonizing to the present process, the suggestions are showed as follow: First, ROOFLEX LIMITED should place the duties of the different degrees of staffs ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p146 ) . Position Duties CIS director Maintains control over all CIS activities Systems analyst Responsible for the rating and design of bing and new systems. Programmer Based on the above specifications the coder develops flow charts and plans. Computer operator In really big organisations with a separate computing machine section the computing machine operator runs, operates and executes computing machine hardware and plans in conformity with set operating instructions. Data entry operator Inputs dealing informations into the computing machine Librarian Maintains both detention and control over systems certification. Data control group Supervises the input, processing and end product of all informations. Second, the testing of new system should supply the consequences that are satisfied its original design specifications. In other manus, the testing should guarantee all plans can be operated with other bing plans ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p145 ) . The pilot proving procedures is the utile manner to be used to measure the new system ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p145 ) . The consequences of pilot testing can be used to measure whether or non the new system is appropriate. Third, the certification should be achieved flow charts and described the whole system such as the of import reformation and most of import portion of plan. Fourthly, the old system ‘s files and paperss should be converted to the new system wholly and accurately ( Leeson A ; Sisto A ; Flanders, 2010, p145 ) . Fifthly, the whole procedure of the application development should set up a smooth communication channel. Each measure should be suitably separated. Mention: Arens, A, A A ; Best, P, J A ; Shailer, G, E, P A ; Fiedler, B, A A ; Loebbecke, J, K. ( 2002 ) . Auditing in Australia: An incorporate attack. ( 5th ed. ) . Naval special warfare: Pearson Education Australia. Arens, A, A A ; Best, P, J A ; Shailer, G, E, P A ; Fiedler, B, A A ; Loebbecke, J, K. ( 2007 ) . Auditing in Australia: An incorporate attack. ( 7th ed. ) . Naval special warfare: Pearson Education Australia. Homewood, L ( 2001 ) . Auditing Fundamentalss. Vic: Third Imperativeness Leitch, M. ( 2008 ) . Intelligent Internal Control and Risk Management: Planing High-Performance Risk Control Systems. Burlington: Gower Publishing Company Leung, P A ; Coram, P A ; Cooper, B. ( 2007 ) . Modern Auditing Assurance Services. ( 3rd ed. ) . QLD: John Wiley A ; Sons Australia, Ltd. Leeson, D A ; Sisto, S, D A ; Flanders, D. ( 2010 ) . Internal Controls and Corporate Governance. ( 3rd erectile dysfunction ) . Naval special warfare: Pearson Australia The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. ( 2009 ) . Australia Audit Manual for Small and Medium Sized Businesses. Sydney: Thomson Reuters ( professional ) Australia Limited. Part B 1.0 Introduction Presents, harmonizing to the influences by concern, it increases the demand of scrutinizing and confidence services. Hearers become to play highly of import functions in concern activities. The ethical regulations and ethical decision-making theoretical accounts are associated with the scrutinizing profession. The credence of the duty of actions is separating grade of the accounting profession in the public involvement. So, members should detect and follow with the ethical demand of this codification. That alternatively of lone satisfies the demands of single client or employer. It becomes hearers † duties. The codification of moralss is formal and systematic regulations, rules, ordinance or jurisprudence. It is developed by community which promotes its well-being. It besides excludes or punishes any understanding behaviours. Therefore, a codification of moralss may function several intents. For illustration ( CALOT? , 2008 ) : 1. Make expressed values that may be implicitly required. 2. Bespeak how member to move towards one another. 3. Supply an nonsubjective footing for countenances against people who break the regulations. In order to avoid the possible auditing menace, the hearers have to analysis the instance from several parts. In this essay, I will analyse the state of affairss and characters that hearer can non scrutinize the companies. I besides will discourse which company can be audited by hearer. 2.0 Client Acceptance portion A batch of facets should be considered before an hearer accepts a new client and set up relationship in public pattern. The most of import is whether the credence will make menaces to compliance with the cardinal rules. For illustration: The client ‘s issues exist some dubious points and jobs. Client ‘s issues could endanger conformity with the cardinal rules, such as some illegal activities related to the client issues ( APES110 s210, 2006 ) . If the identified menaces are non similar as clear insignificant, precautions. They should be applied to extinguish the identified menaces and cut down the hazards to an acceptable degree. In the other words, the important menaces must be clearly evaluated ( APES 110 s210, 2006 ) . However, if the client has menaces and high hazards which can non be eliminated or kept in the acceptable degree, the audit should reject to scrutinize the company. Those menaces and high hazards are showed as follow parts. 2.1 Threats and Precautions Conformity with the cardinal rules may potentially be threatened by a broad scope of fortunes ( APES 110, 2006 ) . Such as: Self-interest Self-review Advocacy Acquaintance Bullying 2.1.1 Self-interest menace The struggle of involvement state of affairs may be by the undermentioned grounds: The first ground is the hearers and professional member of audit squad who is non capable of exerting nonsubjective and impartial judgements in relation to the behavior of scrutinizing. Another ground is a sensible individual who knows all relevant facts and fortunes. The individual would reason that the hearer or a professional member of the audit term is non capable of exerting impartial judgements in relation to the behavior of the auditing ( APES 110, 2006 ) . For illustration: 1. The hearers have close concern relationship with a client. 2. The hearers are jointly keeping a fiscal involvement with a client. 3. The hearers have possible employment with a client. 2.1.2 Self-review menace A self-review menace exists whenever an hearer provides the audit client with rating services that result in the readying of a rating. It is incorporated into the client ‘s fiscal study ( sexto, 2009 ) . The self-review menace could non be reduced to an acceptable degree by the application of any precaution if the rating service involves the rating of affairs stuff of the fiscal statements, and the rating involves a important grade of subjectiveness. So that, such rating services should non be provided ( APES 110, 2006 ) . The important illustrations are showed as followers: A member of the confidence squad who late have been a manager or senior officer in the client. It will straight impact the capable affair of the confidence battle if the individual carry out service for the client. After being involved in their design or execution, hearers report on the operation of fiscal systems 2.1.3 Advocacy menace Advocacy can be seen as a calculated procedure of talking out on issues of concern that in order to exercise some influence on behalf of thoughts or individuals. In scrutinizing, the protagonism may be when the hearer make managerial determinations on behalf of the client, usage persons that involve the audit to set about the work, and the hearer commit the audit client for dealing ( APES 110, 2006 ) . For illustration: A entity is a fiscal statement audit client and the portions are promoted in a listed entity Acting as an advocator on behalf of an confidence client in judicial proceeding or disputes with 3rd parties. 2.1.4 Familiarity menace A acquaintance menace happens because the house or single individual in an battle squad. It may go excessively sympathetic to the client ‘s involvements when there is a close or long-run relationship with a client, its managers, officers or employees ( APES 110, 2006 ) . For illustration: Director or officer of the client holding a stopping point or immediate household relationship with a member of the battle squad. A manager or officer of the client or an employee in a place to exercise direct and important influence over the capable affair of the battle is former spouse of the house. 2.1.5 Intimidation menace When a individual in the battle squad, he or she may be deterred from moving objectively and exerting professional incredulity by menaces. The menaces include existent menaces and perceived menaces which from the managers, officers or employees of an confidence client ( APES 110, 2006 ) . For illustration: Bing threatened with judicial proceeding. In order to cut down fees, hearer is pressured to cut down unsuitably the extent of work performed. There must be appropriate precautions that relate to obtain cognition and understand of the client, such as its directors and proprietors responsible for its direction and concern activities. It besides has to better corporate administration patterns or internal controls by procuring the client ‘s committedness. A member in public pattern should worsen to come in the client relationship if it is non possible to cut down the menaces to an acceptable degree ( APES 110, 2006 ) . 3.0 Engagement credence portion A member in public pattern should hold to supply merely those services. The member is competent to execute in public pattern. Before accepting a specific client battle, a member should see whether credence would make any menaces to compliance with the cardinal rules in public pattern ( APES 110, s210 ) . The member should measure whether such trust is warranted if the member in public pattern intends to trust on the advice of an expert. The member should besides see the factors such as expertness, resources, repute, and applicable professional and ethical criterions. This sort of information may be got from the expert. That come from anterior association or confer withing others ( APES 110 s210, 2006 ) . 4.0 Case concerned changing or replacing When a member consider to tender for an battle which presently held by another professional comptroller, or who is asked to replace another professional comptroller in public pattern, he or she should find whether there exist any appropriate grounds, professional or something else for non accepting the battle ( APES 110 s210, 2006 ) . For illustration ( in public pattern ) : A proposed comptroller accepts the battle which has some menaces of professional competency and due attention. It is, nevertheless, the comptroller does n’t recognize it before accepts battle. In order to assist the member to make up one’s mind whether it would be appropriate to accept the battle in public pattern, the significance of the menaces should be evaluated by direct communicating with the bing comptroller for happening the facts and fortunes behind the proposed alteration. For illustration: The facts and dissensions are existed with the bing comptroller that may act upon on determination about whether accepting the assignment can non to the full reflect on the evident grounds of altering in assignment. Before the proposed comptroller who is asked to accept nomination as hearer or replace an bing hearer must pay attending that ( APES 110 s210, 2006 ) : Ask for the prospective client ‘s permission to pass on with the bing hearer. If it is refused the proposed, the hearer should worsen the nomination or audit battle. Once reception of permission, the hearer should inquire for the information in composing from the bing hearer. The hearer enables a determination as whether the audit nomination or the battle can be accepted. If the proposed comptroller is unable to pass on with the bing comptroller, and acquire the honest and unambiguous information, the proposed comptroller should seek to obtain information about any possible enquiries of 3rd parties or background probes. If menaces can non be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable degree, a proposed comptroller should worsen the battle unless there is satisfaction as to necessary facts by other agencies ( Public finance, 2004 ) . 5.0 Decision: The concern and regulative environment in which audit and confidence service suppliers work that continue alteration. In order to execute appropriate and relevant function in such a dynamic environment and go on to run into the public involvement, the methods of scrutinizing and confidence demand to be appropriate. That should be ensured by scrutinizing and confidence ‘s standard-setters. With turning accent on the information and communicating concatenation, the completion and communicating phases of confidence service ‘s battle are besides draw our fading. It impacts on the work of audit and confidence professions. It becomes a important country in the international fiscal markets. It can assist the hearer to avoid the possible hazard and menace which go together with the codification of moralss ( Gay A ; Simnett, 2007 ) . The hearer can non make an audit for anybody. There are three facets of menaces and hazards should be concerned and evaluated. They are menaces and precautions, engagement credence portion, and instance concerned changing or replacement. Hearers should see the whole fortunes to measure the clients. Hearers besides should cut down the hazards to an acceptable degree. If there are important hazards and leery that will straight act upon on hearers ‘ professional public presentation, the hearer can non accept to scrutinize the client. If the hearer deficiency of the profession cognition about the client ‘s industry, the hearer besides should reject make audit for the client. How to cite The Significance of internal control for management, Essay examples

Upon the Burning of Our House Essay Example

Upon the Burning of Our House Paper Upon the Burning of Our House by Anne Bradstreet LITERARY FOCUS: THE PLAIN STYLE The Puritans favored â€Å"plainness† in all things: in dress, in the architecture and design of their churches, in their forms of worship, and in language. Unlike the ornate â€Å"high style† popular in England at the time, the Puritan plain style used simple sentences and common words from everyday speech. The plain style contained few or no classical allusions, Latin quotations, or elaborate figures of speech. The plain style, Puritans felt, was much more effective in revealing God’s truth than the ornate style. Despite the fact that the style used by Puritan writers now seems hard to read, it was considered simple and direct in the 1600s. Although Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† contains some figurative language, it is a good example of the plain style. REVIEW SKILLS As you read â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House,† notice the way the following literary devices are used. RHYME The repetition of vowel sounds in accented syllables and all syllables following. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Make It Plain In the left column of the chart below are two descriptions of everyday objects written in an ornate style. We will write a custom essay sample on Upon the Burning of Our House specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Upon the Burning of Our House specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Upon the Burning of Our House specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rewrite each description in plain style_as a Puritan might have. Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Ornate Style Shabby but beloved, my shoes house my feet as they carry me from place to place. The pen spills ink-blood as it brings words to life. Plain Style READING SKILLS: ANALYZING TEXT STRUCTURES â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† is filled with inversions. In an inversion, sentences are not written in normal word order. For example, Bradstreet writes â€Å"I wakened was with thund’ring noise† instead of â€Å"I was wakened with thund’ring noise. Inversion is often used to make a poem’s rhyme scheme work out or to maintain a fixed meter. Literary Skills Understand the characteristics of plain style. Reading Skills Understand the use of inversion. Review Skills Understand rhyme and meter. Use the Skill As you read Anne Bradstreet’s poem, underline the places you find inversion. Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 15 Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 Anne Bradstreet In silent night when rest I took Circle the inversions you find in lines 1-4. For sorrow near I did not look I wakened was with thund’ring noise And piteous shrieks of dreadful voice. 5 That fearful sound of â€Å"Fire! † and â€Å"Fire! † Let no man know is my desire. I, starting up, the light did spy, And to my God my heart did cry To strengthen me in my distress What is the speaker doing in lines 11-12? 10 And not to leave me succorless. 1 Then, coming out, beheld a space The flame consume my dwelling place. And when I could no longer look, I blest His name that gave and took,2 Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 15 That laid my goods now in the dust. Yea, so it was, and so ’twas just. It was His own, it was not mine, Far be it that I should repine; He might of all justly bereft In lines 16-17, why does the speaker say that the fire was â€Å"just? † 20 But yet sufficient for us left. When by the ruins oft I past My sorrowing eyes aside did cast, And here and there the places spy Where oft I sat and long did lie: 1. succorless (sukv? r  · lis) adj. : without aid or assistance; helpless. 2. that gave and took: allusion to Job 1:21, â€Å"The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord. † 16 Part 1 Collection 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800 25 Here stood that trunk, and there that chest, There lay that store I counted best. My pleasant things in ashes lie, And them behold no more shall I. Under thy roof no guest shall sit, What is the â€Å"house on high erect† described in lines 43-46? 30 Nor at thy table eat a bit. No pleasant tale shall e’er be told, Nor things recounted done of old. No candle e’er shall shine in thee, Nor bridegroom’s voice e’er heard shall be. 35 In silence ever shall thou lie, Adieu, Adieu, all’s vanity. Then straight I ’gin my heart to chide, And did thy wealth on earth abide? Didst fix thy hope on mold’ring dust? In line 44, who is the â€Å"mighty Architect†? 40 The arm of flesh didst make thy trust? Raise up thy thoughts above the sky That dunghill mists away may fly. Thou hast an house on high erect, Framed by that mighty Architect, Practice reading the boxed passage aloud. As you read the first time, notice the rhymes and strong meter. On your next readings, try to vary the rate of your reading to avoid sounding sing-song. 45 Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. With glory richly furnished, Stands permanent though this be fled. It’s purchased and paid for too By Him who hath enough to do. A price so vast as is unknown 50 Yet by His gift is made thine own; There’s wealth enough, I need no more, Farewell, my pelf,3 farewell my store. The world no longer let me love, My hope and treasure lies above. Bradstreet’s plain style helps to convey a complex message. In your own words, what is this message? The poem is rhymed in couplets. Circle any end rhymes that do not rhyme exactly. (Review Skill) 3. pelf: wealth or worldly goods (sometimes used as a term of contempt). Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 17 Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 Reading Skills and Strategies: Analyzing Text Structures â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† contains many instances of inversion, in which words appear in an unusual order. The left-hand column of the chart below lists several examples of inversion from the poem. In the right-hand column, write the inverted words or phrases in normal word order. Example of Inversion from Poem Restatement of Inversion â€Å"In silent night when rest I took† (line 1) â€Å"I, starting up, the light did spy,† (line 7) When by the ruins oft I past† (line 21) â€Å"My pleasant things in ashes lie,† (line 27) â€Å"And them behold no more shall I. † (line 28) 18 Part 1 Collection 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800 Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Coyote Finishes His Work Upon the Burning of Our House by Anne Bradstreet LITERARY FOCUS: THE PLAI N STYLE REVIEW SKILLS Reading Skills: Understanding Cultural Characteristics Look back over the details you highlighted or underlined that reveal characteristics of Nez Perce culture. The chart below contains a list of different aspects of Nez Perce life. Fill in the right-hand column with details from â€Å"Coyote Finishes His Work† that tell you about each aspect. Sample entries are given. Aspect of Nez Perce Life Details from the Story religious beliefs As you read â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House,† notice the way the following literary devices are used. RHYME The repetition of vowel sounds in accented syllables and all syllables following. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. I will send messages to the earth by the spirits of the people who reach me but whose time to die has not yet come. . . When their spirits come back into their bodies, they will revive and tell you their experiences. (lines 53=57) The Puritans favored â€Å"plainness† in all things: in dress, in the architecture and design of their churches, in their forms of worship, and in language. Unlike the ornate â€Å"high style† popular in England at the time, the Puritan plain style used simple sentences and common word s from everyday speech. The plain style contained few or no classical allusions, Latin quotations, or elaborate figures of speech. The plain style, Puritans felt, was much more effective in revealing God’s truth than the ornate style. Despite the fact that the style used by Puritan writers now seems hard to read, it was considered simple and direct in the 1600s. Although Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† contains some figurative language, it is a good example of the plain style. customs (what they are, how they are followed) Ornate Style He taught the people how to eat and how to hunt the buffalo and catch eagles. He taught them what roots to eat and how to make a good lodge and what to wear. (lines 10=12) Make It Plain In the left column of the chart below are two descriptions of everyday objects written in an ornate style. Rewrite each description in plain style_as a Puritan might have. Plain Style Shabby but beloved, my shoes house my feet as they carry me from place to place. The pen spills ink-blood as it brings words to life. My shoes are old, brown, kind of worn-out, but comfortable for walking around in. The pen is a blue ballpoint with a leaky tip. social life Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Coyote was ugly too. The girls did not like him. But he was smart. He could change himself around and trick the women. Coyote got the girls when he wanted. (lines 23=25) READING SKILLS: ANALYZING TEXT STRUCTURES â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† is filled with inversions. In an inversion, sentences are not written in normal word order. For example, Bradstreet writes â€Å"I wakened was with thund’ring noise† instead of â€Å"I was wakened with thund’ring noise. † Inversion is often used to make a poem’s rhyme scheme work out or to maintain a fixed meter. Literary Skills Understand the characteristics of plain style. Reading Skills Understand the use of inversion. Use the Skill As you read Anne Bradstreet’s poem, underline the places you find inversion. Review Skills Understand rhyme and meter. Student Pages with Answers Collection 1 Student pages 14–15 14 Part 1 Collection 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800 Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 15 9 Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 10 25 Here stood that trunk, and there that chest, There lay that store I counted best. My pleasant things in ashes lie, And them behold no more shall I. Under thy roof no guest shall sit, What is the â€Å"house on high erect† described in lines 43-46? Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 The â€Å"house on high erect† is heaven, or eternal life with God. 30 Nor at thy table eat a bit. No pleasant tale shall e’er be told, Nor things recounted done of old. No candle e’er shall shine in thee, Nor bridegroom’s voice e’er heard shall be. Anne Bradstreet In silent night when rest I took 35 The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual In silence ever shall thou lie, Adieu, Adieu, all’s vanity. Then straight I ’gin my heart to chide, And did thy wealth on earth abide? Didst fix thy hope on mold’ring dust? 40 In line 44, who is the â€Å"mighty Architect†? Circle the inversions you find in lines 1-4. For sorrow near I did not look I wakened was with thund’ring noise And piteous shrieks of dreadful voice. 5 That fearful sound of â€Å"Fire! † and â€Å"Fire! † The mighty Architect is God. What is the speaker doing in lines 11-12? Let no man know is my desire. The arm of flesh didst make thy trust? Raise up thy thoughts above the sky That dunghill mists away may fly. Thou hast an house on high erect, Framed by that mighty Architect, 45 She has escaped her I, starting up, the light did spy, And to my God my heart did cry house and is now To strengthen me in my distress atching it burn. 10 And not to leave me succorless. 1 Then, coming out, beheld a space The flame consume my dwelling place. And when I could no longer look, With glory richly furnished, Stands permanent though this be fled. It’s purchased and paid for too By Him who hath enough to do. A price so vast as is unknown Practice reading the boxed passa ge aloud. As you read the first time, notice the rhymes and strong meter. On your next readings, try to vary the rate of your reading to avoid sounding sing-song. I blest His name that gave and took,2 15 That laid my goods now in the dust. Yea, so it was, and so ’twas just. 0 It was His own, it was not mine, In lines 16-17, why does the speaker say that the fire was â€Å"just? † Far be it that I should repine; Yet by His gift is made thine own; There’s wealth enough, I need no more, Farewell, my pelf,3 farewell my store. The world no longer let me love, My hope and treasure lies above. Bradstreet’s plain style helps to convey a complex message. In your own words, what is this message? The house and goods He might of all justly bereft The only wealth a person needs is a relationship with God. 20 But yet sufficient for us left. are God’s, not the When by the ruins oft I past speaker’s. My sorrowing eyes aside did cast, And here and there the places spy Where oft I sat and long did lie: The poem is rhymed in couplets. Circle any end rhymes that do not rhyme exactly. (Review Skill) 3. pelf: wealth or worldly goods (sometimes used as a term of contempt). Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 1. succorless (sukv? r  · lis) adj. : without aid or assistance; helpless. 2. that gave and took: allusion to Job 1:21, â€Å"The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord. † Collection 1 Student pages 16–17 16 Part 1 Collection 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800 7 Here Follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10, 1666 World, in hounding me . . . by Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz LITERARY FOCUS: SONNET Reading Skills and Strategies: Analyzing Text Structures â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† contains many instances of inversion, in which words appear in an unusual order. The left-ha nd column of the chart below lists several examples of inversion from the poem. In the right-hand column, write the inverted words or phrases in normal word order. Example of Inversion from Poem Restatement of Inversion â€Å"In silent night when rest I took† (line 1) In silent night when I took rest A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem that follows a strict structure. The writer Petrarch (1304-1374) created the model for what is now referred to as the Petrarchan, or Italian, sonnet. Here are the characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet: †¢ The first eight lines, or octave, ask a question or pose a problem. †¢ The rhyme scheme of the octave is abba abba. (The first and fourth lines rhyme, as do the second and third, and so on. ) †¢ The last six lines, or the sestet, respond to the question or problem. †¢ The sestet may contain the rhyme scheme cde cde or cdc dcd. Sor Juana’s â€Å"World, in hounding me . . . is a Petrarchan sonnet. Note that some of the rhymes are approximate, because of the translation from Spanish to English. â€Å"I, starting up, the light did spy,† (line 7) I, starting up, did spy the light READING SKILLS: FINDING UNITS OF MEANING In many poems the speaker’s ideas do not end at the ends of lines. Instead, those ideas may fi ll up two, three, four, or even more lines. When you read poetry, look for punctuation clues like commas, periods, and question marks to help you identify units of meaning. Look at the following example from â€Å"World, in hounding me . . . †. The end punctuation clues are circled. The other marks are underlined. This passage from the poem contains two complete thoughts over four lines of poetry. World, in hounding me, what do you gain? How can it harm you if I choose, astutely, rather to stock my mind with things of beauty, than waste its stock on every beauty’s claim? â€Å"When by the ruins oft I past† (line 21) When I oft past by the ruins Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. â€Å"And them behold no more shall I. † (line 28) And I shall behold them no more. Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. â€Å"My pleasant things in ashes lie,† (line 27) My pleasant things lie in ashes Use the Skill As you read â€Å"World, in hounding me . . . ,† look for capitalization and punctuation clues that indicate the beginning and ending of the speaker’s ideas. Literary Skills Understand the characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet. Reading Skills Find units of meaning. Student Pages with Answers Collection 1 Student pages 18–19 18 Part 1 Collection 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800 World, in hounding me . . . 19 11 Name Selection: Class Author: Date Plain Style The plain style is a way of writing that stresses simplicity and clarity of expression. DIRECTIONS: Read the selection, and find examples of the four characteristics of plain style. Fill in the chart below with the examples. Answer the questions below to help you analyze the plain style. Everyday language Simple sentences Direct statements Biblical references Copyright  © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Questions to Help Analyze Plain Style 1. What other style of writing was popular in England during the time of the Puritans? How was this style different from the plain style? 2. Why does the plain style seem difficult to today’s reader? Graphic Organizers 211

the book of job essays

the book of job essays The Book of Job Job was a righteous man who lived in Uz. He had seven sons and three daughters. He owned seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yokes of oxen, five hundred donkeys and many slaves. Each year, he held a banquet where Job would have each of his children purified. He did this for fear that they might have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. On the day that the angels came to attest before God, God pointed out to the accusing angel (Satan) Job's character. He pointed out how righteous and respectful he was toward Him. Satan claims that Job's character originates with evil and self-serving motives. He claims that Job is so righteous and respectful because he has no reason to act otherwise, but if God were to give him hardship, he would curse Him to his face. Satan then challenges God to test Job. Reluctantly, God accepts the challenge. On Earth, Job is stricken with misfortune. All of his animals are either stolen or struck by lightning. All his child ren died of one tragedy or another. Yet, Job did not curse God. He figured that the same way God gave to him, he took away. Again, God took pride in Job. He bragged to Satan about how faithful and righteous his servant, Job was. Still, Satan doubted him. He claimed that Job was still faithful and righteous because he had not been affected directly by God's test. He persuades God to test Job once more. This time, Job's health is destroyed in a most horrifying form. Job is covered in boils from head to toe so badly, that he uses a piece of broken pottery to scratch himself with. At this point, Job's integrity is tested by his wife. She wonders why he is still so faithful to God. She thinks that it is about time that he begins cursing God for what He has done to him. Still, Job rebukes his wife and refuses to sin. Job had three friends: Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Namathite. These three friends heard of what happened to Job an...